;|Çò.û¼"Systemò8²OöÃ0(æò-ûœÿ@Times New Roman- 2 ƒìÈ ú-Èì'ÿÿœ )Ó 2 ƒÓ Ó ) œ1ú2 2 ƒ Ó ) œ ú-œ )Ó 'ÿÿ'ÿÿûœÿ¼@Times New Roman- [2 ´O5ìÈTechnological Phases in the Development of CapitalismdC,,88222,2<�82','8!8,H,2,29R,8!2"H38!2'R 2 ´ˆìÈ ú7G2 'Œ(ìÈFordism, Sloanism and Taylorism and Post<�2,8(R8228'R288C222,'R288<�2'" 2 'ÀìÈ-ú"2 'âìÈFordism <�2-8'R 2 'JìÈ ú7û¤ÿ@Times New Roman- 2 ‘ë ìÈ ú)%2 úqìÈW. Robert Needham W=..(B()..)F 2 úeìÈ ú)- 2 më ìÈ ú6-A2 ×$ìÈTechnological changes come at us as 9()..-.-)(:).(.-)$:)-F):):.$:)$:û¤ÿ@Times New Roman-12 ×Ô ìÈmediums carrying messages B)-.B$:(.$$(..:B)#$..($-2 ×$ìÈ, -52 @ìÈaccording to McLuhan and as )))-..--R)8-.).).-)$û¤ÿ¼@Times New Roman-72 @ ìÈgales of creative destruction .-)$.)$)-))-)$#3).3-2 @N ìÈ according to)().-.-- 2 @:ìÈ ú2 ªìÈSchumpter. 3)..F.) 2 ªYìÈ ú( 2 ìÈ ú)j2 |?ìÈWe are concerned with technology for it is a material means of W)<�()<�).-)).).<�B.;)).-..--<�.<�<�$;);F))(<�F)).$<�.w2 æHìÈproduction and existence, and it is a cultural construction and it is a ....(..+)..+)-#).()+)..++$+)+(..)+).-$.)..+)-.++$+(ûÖÿ@Times New Roman--2 O ìÈpolitical..)( 2 OÊìÈ-úk2 Oç@ìÈeconomic construction. The notion of system is integral to this.))...F))..#-)..9-).-..-$-$(F$-)-)-.$-Èì- 2 2%1ú'ÿÿ- 2 O:ìÈ ú:2 ¹ìÈSo it is important to think of 3.)($(F..)-).(---).)I2 ¹A )ìÈtechnological systems and their built in o))..-.-)()$-$)G$))..(.().-)-w2 "HìÈvalues as those of the economic and social system in which we live. The -).)$($-.$)-.)().-.F))..$.(($-$)F.B.).B)-)9-(v2 ‹GìÈeconomic and social system in which we live is dominated by one bottom ))...F))..$.()$-$(F.B.).B)-)$..F.))..-..)...F--(2 õìÈline value, profit.-)L-).)L.--Èì- 2 Ø~2ú'ÿÿ-2 õ“ ìÈ In fact L.L ))K-2 õM ìÈunconstrained..).-$#.-).- 2 õZìÈ úK-/2 õ¥ìÈliberty, inequality and -)$(L.)-..)L.---2 ^ ìÈcompes).B.)2 ^ ìÈtition..-d2 ^ O;ìÈ figure into this as background operational values for the t.-.)...--$.)$.-))--.......)(-.).-).($..-.(t2 È FìÈeconomic system. Profit is to be obtained generally by the control of ))...F)*$-$)F*3.)$*-*.)*-.(.(.*-).))-*.-*.)*(...*.|2 1 KìÈtechnical efficiency, as measured say, by output per person, N/Q, and that )).-())()-)-)$F))$.).$)-.-...-.(.($..BB(..-)P2 š .ìÈimplies direct control of labour and indirectlF.)$-)().-.-(...(....)(82 š ìÈy (through labour) control of -...-.).-.).-.-w2 HìÈsociety, by those who own and control the means of material production, $.))-.-..$)B...B.)..).---)F)).$.G)((....(-.--2 m ìÈor existence..)-#).()-Èì- 2 Pl3ú'ÿÿ- 2 mìÈ ú)- 2 ÞìÈ ú--G2 S(ìÈThe Timing of Major Technological PhasesC8,CR822"^2!2,C,,88222,2<�82',' 2 SÎìÈ—úd&2 S2ìÈone specification 38,'8,,",2!28 2 SìÈ ú5- 2 ÄìÈ ú- 2 ; †[eÈ ú--2 § Ê[eÈ1. . 2 § &[eÈ úŒû¤ÿ¼@Times New Roman-2 § ²[eÈ1750.... 2 § j[eÈ-ú2 § ‰[eÈ1830 n.-..<� 2 § |[eÈ-ú;2 § › [eÈ The First Industrial Revolution<�=3);9)$;$333$(-<�B)..2.3-2 § [eÈ: based <�-)$)-+2 ²[eÈaround cotton and pign)....0)...1)-.1.->2 # "[eÈ iron technologies, and generally 1..1))-...-($1)..1-)-)(-M2 y²,[eÈmechanical inventions; In US 1794 marks Eli F)).).)(&.-)...#'.'B3'....'F)-$'8&2 y½ [eÈWhitney’sW.-)-$ 2 y;[eÈ úe2 ã²<�[eÈpatent of cotton gin and, in making cotton more profitable, .))-.)..--.).--F)-/-).-.F.)-.).)=2 L²![eÈled to extension of slave labour. )..)-)-$-..$)-)(... 2 LF[eÈ ú( 2 ¶Ê[eÈ ú)-2 Ê[eÈ2. . 2 &[eÈ úŒ-2 ²[eÈ1830s ....$1 2 ¿[eÈ-ú42 Þ[eÈ The Early Victorian Period1=2)1=.).1B(.).309().2-%2 Œ[eÈ: based on steam 1.($).1-.1$))F&2 ‰²[eÈpower and low cost..B))...B).#F2 ‰ '[eÈ coal (the First IR merges with Second (.).)3#=F)-)$B.2()... 2 ò²[eÈIR about 1850)=)......- 2 òÞ[eÈ ú( 2 [Ê[eÈ ú)-2 ÅÊ[eÈ3. . 2 Å&[eÈ úŒ-2 Å²[eÈ1880s ....$ 2 ÅŽ[eÈ-ú2 Å¬[eÈ1890s ....$# 2 Å«[eÈ-ú22 ÅÊ[eÈ the Late Victorian Period$3)$=.)$B)-).3#9().3-"2 Åÿ[eÈ: based on low $.($).$.-$.BY2 .²4[eÈcost steel and on engineering based on steel. Large ).$?#)(?)..?..?).--)).-?.)$).?..?$()>8)-)(2 ˜²[eÈcorporations emergei)..-(.-$,)F)-) 2 ˜¶ [eÈ—ú\ 2 ˜ [eÈ ú,>2 ˜> "[eÈU.S. Steel, General Electric, and B3,3)(,B).)),7)(),)..A2 ²$[eÈBayer AG added to the list of the ra=)-)BB)..)...)#.-))#2 Ï[eÈilroad companies-).).F.).($ 2 D[eÈ ú( 2 jÊ[eÈ ú)-2 ÔÊ[eÈ4. . 2 Ô&[eÈ úŒ-2 Ô²[eÈ1930s ....$ 2 ÔŽ[eÈ-ú2 Ô¬[eÈ1970s ....#- 2 Ô‡[eÈ ú/ 2 Ô¶[eÈ–ú.%2 Ôä[eÈ Fordism: electrog/2.-$F.))(. 2 Ô…[eÈ-ú/2 Ô£[eÈmechanical engineering, F)).).)(/(.-.().-[2 =²5[eÈelectronics, oil and petro chemicals, auto and truck ))(..)$D.D)..D.).D).)F))$D)-.D)..C.)- 2 §²[eÈtransportation)-$.-(.. 2 §°[eÈ ú(ü-@ !ðÝWüÿÿÿ- -@ !ðÝW- -@ !ð Ý[- -@ !ðÝe- -@ !ðÝe- -@ !ðÜáW- -@ !ð½W- -@ !ð½W- -@ !ð ½[- -@ !ðÜáe- -@ !ð½e- -@ !ð½e- -Èì42 R "2 R‹ 'ÿÿü- @ !ð°8- ð 2 RM ìÈ ú-û½ÿ@Times New Roman- - Èì- 2 —1ú"'ÿÿ- 2 Å¿ìÈ ú 2 ÅØìÈ ú[ûµÿ@Times New Roman-t2 Å3FìÈSee the PE Table: http://economics.uwaterloo.ca/needhdata/PETable1.pdf*!!&!+.-!&!%&!!&%&9!&5!!&&!!&!!&&&!!+.-!%!&%&- 2 ÅÝ ìÈ ú-Èì'ÿÿ- - Èì- 2 2ú"'ÿÿ- 2 8¿ìÈ ú 2 8ØìÈ ú[-g2 83=ìÈProfit as the Root of All Evil: The Devil is in the Details: i+&Z!Z&!Z1&&Z&Z5Z.%Z-&!Z6!%ZZ&Z&!Z6!!Èì'ÿÿ-^2 •7ìÈhttp://economics.uwaterloo.ca/needhdata/ProfitChart.pdf&&!!&%&9!&6!!&&!!&!!&&&!!+&2&!%&- 2 •GìÈ ú-Èì'ÿÿ- - Èì- 2 Ó3ú"'ÿÿ- 2 ¿ìÈ ú 2 ØìÈ ú[-=2 3!ìÈIf this is the case why on earth &&!!"!5'%&&!!&R2 . /ìÈdo we allow the means of existence to be owned &&5!!&6&!9"!&&"%!&!!&&!'5&!&Èì'ÿÿ-2 ^ ìÈprivately?&%!!$!- 2 ^ÈìÈ ú.Èì'ÿÿ-ðÈÈììÇÇëëÆÆêêÅÅééÄÄèèÃÃççÂÂææÁÁååÀÀää ¿ ¿ã ã ¾ ¾â â ½½áá¼¼àà » »ß ß ººÞÞ¹¹ÝÝ¸¸ÜÜ··ÛÛ¶¶ÚÚ