; |  ."System8O0( -@Times New Roman-  2  -' )  2   ) 12 2   )  - ) ''@Times New Roman- [2 O5Technological Phases in the Development of CapitalismdC,,88222,2<82','8!8,H,2,29R,8!2"H38!2'R 2  7G2 '(Fordism, Sloanism and Taylorism and Post<2,8(R8228'R288C222,'R288<2'" 2 ' -"2 ' Fordism <2-8'R 2 'J 7@Times New Roman- 2   )%2 qW. Robert Needham W=..(B()..)F 2 e  )- 2 m  6-A2 $Technological changes come at us as 9()..-.-)(:).(.-)$:)-F):):.$:)$:@Times New Roman-12  mediums carrying messages B)-.B$:(.$$(..:B)#$..($-2 $, -52 @according to McLuhan and as )))-..--R)8-.).).-)$@Times New Roman-72 @ gales of creative destruction .-)$.)$)-))-)$#3).3-2 @N  according to)().-.-- 2 @: 2  Schumpter. 3)..F.) 2 Y ( 2  )j2 |?We are concerned with technology for it is a material means of W)<()<).-)).).<B.;)).-..--<.<<$;);F))(<F)).$<.w2 Hproduction and existence, and it is a cultural construction and it is a ....(..+)..+)-#).()+)..++$+)+(..)+).-$.)..+)-.++$+(@Times New Roman--2 O political..)( 2 O-k2 O@economic construction. The notion of system is integral to this.))...F))..#-)..9-).-..-$-$(F$-)-)-.$-- 2 2%1'- 2 O: :2 So it is important to think of 3.)($(F..)-).(---).)I2 A )technological systems and their built in o))..-.-)()$-$)G$))..(.().-)-w2 "Hvalues as those of the economic and social system in which we live. The -).)$($-.$)-.)().-.F))..$.(($-$)F.B.).B)-)9-(v2 Geconomic and social system in which we live is dominated by one bottom ))...F))..$.()$-$(F.B.).B)-)$..F.))..-..)...F--(2 line value, profit.-)L-).)L.--- 2 ~2'-2   In fact L.L ))K-2 M unconstrained..).-$#.-).- 2 Z  K-/2  liberty, inequality and -)$(L.)-..)L.---2 ^ compes).B.)2 ^ tition..-d2 ^ O; figure into this as background operational values for the t.-.)...--$.)$.-))--.......)(-.).-).($..-.(t2 Feconomic system. Profit is to be obtained generally by the control of ))...F)*$-$)F*3.)$*-*.)*-.(.(.*-).))-*.-*.)*(...*.|2 1 Ktechnical efficiency, as measured say, by output per person, N/Q, and that )).-())()-)-)$F))$.).$)-.-...-.(.($..BB(..-)P2 .implies direct control of labour and indirectlF.)$-)().-.-(...(....)(82  y (through labour) control of -...-.).-.).-.-w2  Hsociety, by those who own and control the means of material production, $.))-.-..$)B...B.)..).---)F)).$.G)((....(-.--2 m  or existence..)-#).()-- 2 P l3'- 2 m  )- 2  --G2 S (The Timing of Major Technological PhasesC8,CR822"^2!2,C,,88222,2<82',' 2 S d&2 S 2 one specification 38,'8,,",2!28 2 S  5- 2  - 2 ; [e --2 [e1. . 2 &[e @Times New Roman-2 [e1750.... 2 j[e-2 [e1830 n.-..< 2 |[e-;2  [e The First Industrial Revolution<=3);9)$;$333$(-<B)..2.3-2 [e: based <-)$)-+2 [earound cotton and pign)....0)...1)-.1.->2 # "[e iron technologies, and generally 1..1))-...-($1)..1-)-)(-M2 y,[emechanical inventions; In US 1794 marks Eli F)).).)(&.-)...#'.'B3'....'F)-$'8&2 y [eWhitneysW.-)-$ 2 y;[e e2 <[epatent of cotton gin and, in making cotton more profitable, .))-.)..--.).--F)-/-).-.F.)-.).)=2 L![eled to extension of slave labour. )..)-)-$-..$)-)(... 2 LF [e ( 2 [e )-2 [e2. . 2 &[e -2 [e1830s ....$1 2 [e-42 [e The Early Victorian Period1=2)1=.).1B(.).309().2-%2  [e: based on steam 1.($).1-.1$))F&2 [epower and low cost..B))...B).#F2  '[e coal (the First IR merges with Second (.).)3#=F)-)$B.2()... 2 [eIR about 1850)=)......- 2 [e ( 2 [[e )-2 [e3. . 2 &[e -2 [e1880s ....$ 2 [e-2 [e1890s ....$# 2 [e-22 [e the Late Victorian Period$3)$=.)$B)-).3#9().3-"2  [e: based on low $.($).$.-$.BY2 .4[ecost steel and on engineering based on steel. Large ).$?#)(?)..?..?).--)).-?.)$).?..?$()>8)-)(2 [ecorporations emergei)..-(.-$,)F)-) 2  [e\ 2  [e ,>2 > "[eU.S. Steel, General Electric, and B3,3)(,B).)),7)(),)..A2 $[eBayer AG added to the list of the ra=)-)BB)..)...)#.-))#2  [eilroad companies-).).F.).($ 2 D[e ( 2 j[e )-2 [e4. . 2 &[e -2 [e1930s ....$ 2 [e-2 [e1970s ....#- 2 [e / 2 [e.%2 [e Fordism: electrog/2.-$F.))(. 2  [e-/2  [emechanical engineering, F)).).)(/(.-.().-[2 =5[eelectronics, oil and petro chemicals, auto and truck ))(..)$D.D)..D.).D).)F))$D)-.D)..C.)- 2 [etransportation)-$.-(.. 2 [e (- @ ! W- - @ ! W- - @ ! [- - @ ! e- - @ ! e- - @ ! W- - @ !W- - @ !W- - @ ! [- - @ ! e- - @ !e- - @ !e- -42 R "2 R '- @ !8-  2 RM  -@Times New Roman- - - 2 1"'- 2   2  [@Times New Roman- t2 3FSee the PE Table: http://economics.uwaterloo.ca/needhdata/PETable1.pdf*!!&!+.-!&!%&!!&%&9!&5!!&&!!&!!&&&!!+.-!%!&%&- 2   -'- - - 2 2"'- 2 8  2 8 [- g2 83=Profit as the Root of All Evil: The Devil is in the Details: i+&Z!Z&!Z1&&Z&Z5Z.%Z-&!Z6!%ZZ&Z&!Z6!!'- ^2 7http://economics.uwaterloo.ca/needhdata/ProfitChart.pdf&&!!&%&9!&6!!&&!!&!!&&&!!+&2&!%&- 2 G  -'- - - 2 3"'- 2   2  [- =2 3!If this is the case why on earth &&!!"!5'%&&!!&R2 . /do we allow the means of existence to be owned &&5!!&6&!9"!&&"%!&!!&&!'5&!&'- 2 ^ privately?&%!!$!- 2 ^ .'-